Lifestyle Medicine and the Prevention of Depression: Social Determinants, Digital Interventions, and Public Health Implications

Background: Depression is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, with increasing prevalence and significant socioeconomic burden. While pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments are well established, preventive strategies remain underdeveloped. Objective: This review aims to evaluate the role of lifestyle medicine interventions—including physical activity, diet, sleep, and stress management—in the prevention of depression, with a focus on social determinants and implementation challenges. Methods: A narrative review of recent literature (primarily from the last 10 years) was conducted, focusing on studies examining associations between lifestyle factors and depression risk, as well as public health and socioeconomic aspects. Results: Evidence suggests that regular physical activity, healthy dietary patterns, adequate sleep, and stress reduction strategies are associated with a lower risk of depression. However, significant barriers limit the large-scale implementation of these interventions, including socioeconomic inequalities, lack of healthcare system integration, and low patient adherence. Digital health tools and social determinants significantly influence the accessibility and effectiveness of lifestyle interventions. Conclusions: Lifestyle medicine represents a promising, cost-effective strategy for depression prevention. Future efforts should focus on integrating these approaches into public health policies and addressing social disparities to improve accessibility and effectiveness. Integrating digital health solutions and addressing social inequalities is essential for effective prevention strategies.