Instruments and Methods for 3H Measuring in Terrestrial, Air and Water Environments to Ensure Radiation Safety

An overview of tritium measurement instruments and methods (from the earliest to modern ones) in various environments is presented. The history of the discovery of tritium (the heaviest natural isotope of hydrogen), and the operating principles of the first instruments used to study its basic properties is considered. The steady increase in anthropogenic sources of tritium production necessitates its monitoring in all forms and compounds, in process environments, organized and unorganized emission sources, discharge sources and radioactive waste. Tritium sampling methods in liquid and air environments are shown. The advantages and disadvantages of each measurement method are discussed, along with the relative levels of tritium specific activity and sensitivity of these methods