Dynamic-load-aware energy management for PEMFC hybrid ships with supercapacitor pulse-buffer recovery under high-pulse loads

Pulsed demand couples power sharing with supercapacitor (SC) depletion in proton-exchange-membrane fuel-cell (PEMFC) hybrid systems. In the evaluated controller, load-current slew rate adjusts fuel-cell (FC) and battery filter time constants and weights a bounded SC-voltage recovery request. Recovery enters the generation target before allocation, while the SC follows residual demand. Switched-model comparisons distinguish recovery, time-constant selection and recovery weighting. Under the synthetic 120 s load, dynamic allocation without recovery reaches the depletion trigger at 102.46 s; enabling recovery completes the window at 414.59 V. With unit recovery weight, dynamic allocation reduces battery-current root-mean-square (RMS) magnitude and bus-error RMS by 13.32% and 20.97% relative to a fixed comparator matched by mean filter-update coefficients, while SC-current RMS increases by 46.15%. Matching uses the same load and does not establish optimal fixed tuning. Against a disclosed Yang short-term adaptation, the controller instead reduces SC-current RMS by 24.19% while increasing battery-current RMS by 51.03%. Dynamic recovery weighting has small, mixed effects. Load and parameter tests, including 360 s records with late regulation loss under enhanced recovery, delimit these observations. The contribution is a coordination design with evidence of conditional load-sharing and recovery tradeoffs, without a universal performance, lifetime or efficiency ranking.