Adapting Autism Spectrum Disorder Assessment Tools Across Languages and Cultures: A Systematic Review of Psychometric Evidence

This systematic review evaluated the psychometric performance of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) assessment tools adapted for diverse cultural and linguistic contexts. Across 81 studies (37,551 participants), most adaptations showed acceptable reliability and validity, with internal consistency and construct validity most frequently examined. Test–retest, inter-rater, content, and cross-cultural validity were assessed far less often, limiting cultural applicability. Many adaptations emphasized translation over cultural contextualization, and research on minority groups within English-speaking countries remained sparse. Overall, significant gaps persist. Future work should integrate cultural expertise, conduct more complete psychometric evaluations, and develop culturally grounded instruments to support equitable ASD assessment globally.