The application, development and challenge of digital twin in drug evaluation

With the improvement of computational resources and development of artificial intelligence, current digital twins (DT) can achieve the integration of multi-omics data via hybrid mechanism- and data-driven models, thereby enabling personalized simulation of patients, organs, and cells. This makes the application of DT in drug evaluation and drug repurposing discovery possible. However, in the rapidly developing situation, practical and regulatory issues have also emerged. We review current and emerging applications of DT across the drug evaluation continuum and proposed a staged development roadmap. We also further highlight pivotal challenges that must be addressed to realize the full potential of DT in drug evaluation.