Biosensors For Rapid Identification of Saliva in Forensic Investigations: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Saliva is a useful biological fluid in forensic investigations and can often be found on items such as glasses, cigarette butts, food, clothing, and skin. Its quick identification at a crime scene can help investigators select suitable samples for further DNA analysis. Traditional saliva detection methods can be time-consuming and require laboratory equipment. Biosensors offer a faster and more convenient approach by detecting specific components present in saliva. Recent advances in electrochemical sensors, nanomaterials, microfluidics, and portable devices have increased their potential for forensic applications. However, challenges such as sample degradation, environmental effects, sensitivity, and accurate forensic validation still need to be addressed. This review focuses on saliva biomarkers, existing detection methods, biosensor technology, and its future potential for rapid and reliable saliva identification in forensic science.