About 95% of the energy of the universe is invisible — roughly 27% dark matter and 68% darkenergy [7]. Existing models explain these components by adding new particles, new forces, or acopy of our own world, and usually leave the reason why these components are dark as anassumption.This paper starts from three lines of axioms: existence and non-existence cancel (1 + (−1) = 0); thecancellation is not perfect and a small difference remains; that difference becomes the wave, theminimal unit that stores energy, which closes on itself to become a wavon, and three wavons forma particle. Three-way cancellation requires a 120° arrangement (1 + ω + ω² = 0), which forcescomplex numbers. From this follows a lattice of 39 seats built from three letters (a, b, c) on threesites, in which charge is fixed in every room by a single formula Q = q₀ − Σ/3.Results: (1) The eight seats without the letter a form the dark sector. Since a is the letter throughwhich light, magnetism, and temperature act, these seats do not meet light. (2) All six seats of theelectron family contain one a, so the dark sector has no electrons in principle — hence no darkatoms, chemistry, light, magnetism, or temperature. (3) Dark matter = the dark neutron bbc + bcb+ cbb (charges +2/3, +2/3, −4/3). With silent charges the dark side has no force to bind a composite,so the only way a composite can close is balance of shape (the seats' arrows summing to zero).Among charged dark seats only this one form satisfies it, and neutrality is not assumed butfollows from the balance. (4) Dark photon = bbb — a massless photon-like seat made of b insteadof a, with a fixed number. The photon and the dark photon are massless because their threewavons are exactly balanced at 120°, and they still carry energy because energy resides in thewavelength, not in the shape. (5) The observed property of dark energy (constant density asspace grows) belongs not to a new substance but to the background itself — bbb cannot playthat role because of baryon-number conservation. All results follow from arithmetic internal to thelattice; no particle, force, or charge is added. Open questions are listed in §16.
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Myung Dal SON (2026) studied this question.
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