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An extensive study of the current practice of online payment using credit and debit cards reveals the intrinsic security challenges caused by differences in how payment sites operate.In this article, we present the online payment landscape in detail. In particular, we aim to highlight the different manners in which online payment is performed and the varying security measures put in place by online merchants-from checking only the card number and the expiry date to fully fledged centralized bank security mechanisms such as 3D Secure.
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Ali et al. (2017) studied this question.
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