Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Against Males in Ukraine—First Insights on Forms, Perpetrator Characteristics, and (Non)disclosure

Background: The ongoing war in Ukraine, escalating in February 2022, has caused widespread human suffering, including displacement, civilian and military casualties, and systematic human rights violations. While conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) is often framed as affecting women and girls, increasing evidence highlights CRSV against males, yet empirical data remain scarce. Methods: Between November 2023 and December 2024, an online survey targeting male survivors of CRSV in Ukraine was distributed via social media. The questionnaire assessed different forms of CRSV, context and perpetrators characteristics, (non)disclosure, and fear of anticipated stigma. Descriptive statistics were computed for 67 participants who reported at least one event of CRSV. Findings: Participants reported multiple forms of CRSV, often repeatedly experienced; most commonly, sexual touching (77.6%), forced undressing (71.6%), threats of sexual violence (65.7%), and rape (62.7%). The main perpetrators were male soldiers, police officers, and prison staff, often in groups. More than half of the participants had not disclosed the event(s) of CRSV and referred to fear of anticipated stigma, including fear of blame, loss of masculinity, social exclusion, and disbelief. Interpretation: CRSV against males in Ukraine appears to be pervasive and multifaceted. Findings indicate that concerns about stigma and social repercussions may discourage disclosure and limit access to formal or informal support. Findings highlight the urgent need for survivor-centered interventions, stigma reduction strategies, legal accountability, and inclusive humanitarian responses. Systematically addressing CRSV is critical for justice, post-conflict recovery, and the sustainable rebuilding of Ukrainian society, fostering hope for peace.