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By assembling carbon granular electrodes (GEs) into a building block-like architecture, membrane-free granular-electrode capacitive deionization achieves ultrahigh mass loading while preserving short ion-transport paths. Forced convection then drives the ion-entrainment effect, renewing ions in both the inter-GE space and accessible intra-GE domain. This improved ion transport mitigates concentration polarization and sustains rapid electrochemical ion capture under high areal flux. More in the Research Article e9170775, Fei Yu, Jie Ma, and co-workers.
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Zhang et al. (2026) studied this question.
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