Advances in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease upon nanozymes

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a complex pathogenesis including β-amyloid plaque deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, persistent oxidative stress, and chronic neuroinflammation, which accounts for the poor efficacy of clinical medications and emerging therapeutic candidates. Nanozymes have multi-enzyme-like activities, surface tunability, and favorable blood-brain barrier permeability, enabling them to counteract oxidative stress and neuroinflammation while directly targeting β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, thereby intervening in multiple pathological cascades in AD. This review systematically discusses the catalytic mechanisms, characteristics, and tunable activity regulation strategies of metal-based, metal oxide-based, carbon-based, single-atom, and cluster nanozymes. We focus on recent advances in their application for AD treatment, including Aβ degradation, tau inhibition, oxidative stress regulation, and inflammation modulation. Finally, we analyze key challenges and discuss the clinical translation potential of nanozymes, aiming to provide references for the development of etiologically targeted strategies for AD management.