Policy and technological synergies for renewable-powered electric vehicles: Global insights and emerging market challenges

Within the scope of sustainable transportation, the promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) has been widely discussed. Although EVs are often considered environmentally friendly, their battery production and the electricity sources used for charging are still an environmental concern. To minimize these effects, the integration of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, and hydro) is seen as a potential solution. This study investigates various up-to-date technological and policy-driven approaches, including smart and bidirectional systems, vehicle-integrated photovoltaic (VIPV) systems, and battery energy storage systems (BESS). It also highlights global and national strategies, particularly focusing on feed-in tariffs, renewable portfolio standards (RPS), and dynamic pricing. Special attention is given to representative case studies from diverse geographical regions, including Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. The main findings show that policy gaps (especially in emerging markets like Turkey) limit large-scale EV–renewables integration. A unified policy approach that combines clean electricity supply, smart charging strategies, and region-specific incentives is essential for maximizing the decarbonization potential of electric transport systems.