Time‐Resolved Effects of Cold Atmospheric Plasma on E. coli GW‐AmxH19 Transcriptome and Proteome in an Emulated Wastewater Environment

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is effective against a variety of microorganisms. Here, we described effects on an Escherichia coli strain isolated from hospital wastewater caused by treatment with physical plasma. E. coli GW-AmxH19 was incubated in artificial wastewater and treated for 15 min with CAP. Transcriptomes and proteomes were monitored at different time points within a 24 h period to differentiate between immediate physiological responses and adaptations in the recovery phase. Reduction of viable cells was on average at 90%. The short-term response of the surviving cells to physical plasma aims at repairing and protecting cellular structures from plasma-induced damages, mainly provoked by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Notably, CAP induced a temporary transcription of genes from a conjugative plasmid carrying antibiotic resistance determinants. The late response during recovery phase is dominated by a massive activation of two prophages turning cold plasma treatment into a novel possible strategy to induce the lytic cycle of prophages. This study is the first report on the combined analysis of transcriptional and translational effects of CAP on an environmental bacterial isolate in a time-resolved manner. Chances and risks of considering CAP as an additional purification step in wastewater treatment plants to reduce the spread of pathogens and antibiotic resistances into the environment are depicted and discussed.