Definitions of ‘language spread’: hidden inconsistencies and their consequences

Language spread is an important topic in language planning that has received attention from various renowned academics, but it is sometimes confused with other related concepts and its definition remains superficial. In this study, I propose grouping these concepts under a common umbrella and distinguishing two subconcepts of language spread – propagation and promotion. I then review past definitions of the former in detail, identifying conflicting views that are seldom acknowledged in the literature. An extensional analysis of these definitions reveals a pattern of inconsistency, shows which definitions are broader or narrower in scope, identifies ambiguous cases and illustrates how extensional differences affect our understanding and use of the concept. I argue that ambiguous cases should not be dismissed, but explored, as they are conceptually revealing. These findings point to the need for further studies, beginning with an intensional analysis of existing definitions.