Mathematical Modeling of Avifaunal Diversity Via Shannon-Wiener and Simpson Diversity Indices Toward Comprehensive School Conservation Planning

Natural spaces in schools are increasingly converted into infrastructure, highlighting the need for regular biodiversity assessment. This study assessed avifaunal diversity at San Miguel National High School using the Shannon–Wiener and Simpson Diversity Indices. A quantitative descriptive biodiversity assessment was conducted through the line-transect method in two sampling areas: the school oval or athletic grounds and the forested strip behind the Grade 11 building. Bird surveys were conducted on March 3, 5, and 7, 2026, during morning and afternoon observation periods. Six bird species from five families were documented, with a total of 96 individuals recorded. The Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) was the most abundant species, while the Chestnut Munia (Lonchura atricapilla) was the least abundant. The Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index value of 1.39 indicated moderate species diversity, whereas the Simpson Diversity Index value of 0.70 indicated relatively high biodiversity. Bird populations were most concentrated around the Track Oval and surrounding grassy areas in Area 1, while Area 2 showed concentrations around vegetated and tree-covered portions. Higher bird populations were observed during relatively lower temperatures and higher humidity. The findings highlight the ecological value of remaining green spaces within the school and support a comprehensive conservation plan involving the preservation of existing vegetation, planting of native and fruit-bearing trees, regular biodiversity monitoring, environmental education, and active participation of students, teachers, and other stakeholders in protecting avifaunal habitats.