Quantum-advantage resource of a two-mode Gaussian state: Analytical theory of convex optimization and a Galois no-go for the closed-form solution

We study the problem of extracting a quantum complexity resource from a mixed Gaussian state of the multimode light. We present the first complete, certificate-checked solution to this problem in a genuinely coupled sector. We carry this out for the two-mode case, the smallest case in which modes are genuinely coupled. Even in this case, the solution is highly nontrivial, and we rigorously prove that it cannot be given in a closed form.