Digital health technologies and artificial intelligence for shared decision making in acute pain management: recent advances and perspectives

Acute pain management is shifting away from traditional paternalistic models towards more collaborative, patient-centred approaches that emphasise shared decision making and the use of digital health technologies. Here, we review recent advances in digital health technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) that support shared decision making, including interactive decision aids, video narratives, and AI-assisted tools. These innovations have the potential to optimise analgesia, reduce the risks associated with opioids and opioid-related harms, and enhance patient autonomy across surgical, emergency, and primary care settings. Although emerging evidence shows promise in improving prescribing efficiency and increasing patient satisfaction, there are still significant barriers to implementation. These include resource limitations, challenges in selecting appropriate tools, and the necessity for robust validation of AI systems. Herein, we critically evaluate the current evidence, discuss practical strategies for implementation, and provide recommendations for integrating these technologies into routine clinical practice.