A recyclable g-C3N4/Biochar@Pd hybrid nanocatalyst for high-performance Suzuki, Stille and CN coupling reactions

To make progress in green chemistry, it is important to use stable heterogeneous catalysts from sources that can be reused. Biochars have attracted much attention for their sustainability and environmental friendliness. However, the general application of these compounds in C C and C N cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by palladium remains to be achieved. In this study, a new nanocatalyst g-C 3 N 4 /Biochar@Pd with stability and catalytic efficiency has been prepared for the cross-coupling reactions. The catalyst was prepared by thermal polycondensation (first step) and supported on the surface of palladium (last step). Then, its properties were investigated by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, ICP-OES, BET and TGA techniques. The catalyst performance was investigated in C N, Suzuki, and Stille coupling reactions. In the C N reaction, arylamines were obtained in 83–96% yields. In the Suzuki and Stille reactions, yields of 83–98% were obtained, depending on the substrate. The reactivity order of the halides was I > Br > Cl, and electron-donating groups increased the reaction rate. The g-C 3 N 4 /Biochar@Pd nanocatalyst was reused in five consecutive cycles. This indicates that the catalyst is stable and can be effectively used in cross-coupling reactions.