Breakup, three-stage velocity and internal flow structures of low-Weber-number liquid-metal jets under transverse magnetic fields

Using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations, this study investigates breakup and internal flows of liquid-metal jets in the dripping regime (We=1.695) under transverse magnetic fields (0≤Ha≤360). Increasing Ha enhances stability. Morphology turns from asymmetric at Ha=0 to uniform at Ha≥180. Breakup length remains stable at Ha=180 but grows with breakup events at Ha=288 and 360. Centerline velocity transitions from a two-stage to a three-stage pattern between 180