Multifunctional Nanoparticle-Modified Pit and Fissure Sealants with Enhanced Mechanical Strength and Antimicrobial Properties-A Review

Dentist-placed pit and fissure sealants prevent biofilm formation on occlusal surfaces. Resin-based and glass ionomer sealants have limited longevity, polymerization shrinkage, and no intrinsic antimicrobial activity. This review examines nanoparticulate inorganic fillers that address these limitations. It evaluates how synthesis conditions, crystallographic phase, particle morphology, and surface chemistry of hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, silver, cerium oxide, bioactive glass, and calcium fluoride affect mechanical and cariostatic properties. Crystal phase, preparation route, functionalization, filler content, size, surface area, morphology, and dispersion govern composite performance. Comparative studies support rational design of next-generation cariostatic sealants and distinguish established relationships from hypotheses.