Policies, prejudice, and health access: a review of LGBTQ discrimination in the Indian healthcare system

The LGBTQ+ community in India experiences entrenched discrimination in healthcare settings due to gender incongruence, non-conforming identities, and societal prejudices. Despite recent legal advancements, the healthcare system remains inadequately prepared to address their specific needs. This review critically examines multifaceted barriers – including systemic biases, discriminatory practices, and institutional gaps – that hinder equitable access to physical, mental, and sexual healthcare for LGBTQ+ individuals. The analysis synthesises existing literature, policy frameworks, and empirical evidence to map healthcare disparities. Findings reveal widespread denial of services, inadequate provider training, absence of gender-affirming protocols, and insufficient culturally competent care. Intersectional identities further compound these vulnerabilities. Current legal provisions remain poorly implemented with significant enforcement gaps. The study recommends comprehensive reforms including mandatory sensitivity training, inclusive health protocols, dedicated LGBTQ+ health centres, non-discrimination policies, curriculum integration, and strengthened accountability mechanisms to ensure rights-based, equitable healthcare.