Key result
Smoking is linked to significantly blunted exercise-induced heart rate responses during standardized stress testing.
Why the study?
Does smoking reduce exercise-induced heart rate responses and exercise tolerance during intense physical activity in young adults?
Cross-Sectional (n=43)
Does smoking reduce exercise-induced heart rate responses and exercise tolerance during intense physical activity in young adults?
p-value: p=0.001 and <0.001
Wearable-derived monitoring demonstrates that smoking is associated with blunted chronotropic adaptability and reduced exercise tolerance in young adults, highlighting its utility in personalized cardiovascular risk evaluation.
May identify distinct wearable-derived cardiovascular responses by smoking status; hypothesis-generating and requires prospective validation before clinical use.
Background: Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular and pulmonary disease, yet its impact on individualized cardiovascular response patterns during intense physical activity remains insufficiently characterized. Advances in wearable technology offer opportunities for continuous physiological monitoring and precision exercise assessment. Objective: To evaluate wearable-derived cardiovascular response profiles and exercise performance among smokers and non-smokers during standardized physical activity protocols. Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, 43 young adults (22 smokers, 21 non-smokers) underwent the Six-Minute Walk Distance test, Balke treadmill protocol, and Ekblom-Bak cycle ergometer test. Heart rate was continuously monitored using a smartwatch, and perceived exertion was assessed using the Borg CR-10 scale. Between-group comparisons were performed using independent samples t-tests. Results: Smokers demonstrated significantly lower exercise-induced heart rate responses during the Balke treadmill and Ekblom-Bak tests (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), while no significant difference was observed during the Six-Minute Walk test. Smokers also covered shorter walking distances and achieved lower work rates and exercise durations at higher intensities. Conclusion: Smoking is associated with blunted chronotropic adaptability and reduced exercise tolerance during intense physical activity. Wearable-derived monitoring reveals distinct cardiovascular response phenotypes, supporting its role in precision exercise assessment and personalized cardiovascular risk evaluation.
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Farooq et al. (2025) conducted a cross-sectional in Healthy young adults (n=43). Smoking vs. Non-smokers was evaluated on Exercise-induced heart rate responses during the Balke treadmill and Ekblom-Bak tests (p=0.001 and <0.001). Smoking was associated with significantly lower exercise-induced heart rate responses during Balke treadmill (p=0.001) and Ekblom-Bak tests (p<0.001) compared to non-smokers.
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