Design strategies for “Yikeyin” settlements: a research-by-design study of demonstration projects in Dabaiyi and Leju villages from Kunming

Rural revitalisation has been a national development strategy in China since 2017. Although many forms of vernacular architecture are officially recognised as cultural heritage, previous studies show that traditional dwellings often no longer meet the changing needs of local residents. This study investigates this phenomenon through a research-by-design approach focusing on “Yikeyin” settlements in Kunming, Yunnan Province. The research method integrates three stages: (1) establishing a theoretical design framework through a systematic review of exemplary contemporary vernacular practices worldwide; (2) applying this framework in a case-study analysis of Dabaiyi Village Demonstration Projects to identify key design issues and to formulate recommended design strategies; and (3) testing and refining these strategies through a design experiment in Leju Village, which included the construction of a prototype using updated rammed-earth techniques, prefabricated steel frame systems, and 3D-printed components. Post-occupancy evaluation – comprising surveys and semi-structured interviews with local residents and owners – was employed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed design strategies and their acceptance by local stakeholders. The findings provide a set of systematic design guidance and construction recommendations for “Yikeyin” settlements, and demonstrate how research-by-design can integrate cultural continuity, contemporary living needs, and emerging construction technologies in the development of contemporary vernacular architecture.