The Role of Energetic Organic Compounds in Ballistic and Pyrotechnic Systems and Modern Development Trends

This article comprehensively examines the fundamental role of energetic organic compounds (explosives, propellants for launching systems, solid and liquid rocket propellants, and pyrotechnic mixtures) in ballistics, rocket-space technology, and civil safety systems. It is shown that due to the nitro groups and internal oxidizing centers located within their molecular structures, these compounds are capable of producing a tremendous amount of thermal and gas energy in a short period without requiring external oxygen. The operational mechanisms of internal and external ballistics, the regulation of propellant combustion kinetics, and the importance of pyrotechnic systems applied in the automotive industry and military fields are analyzed. In modern times, the synthesis of eco-friendly energetic materials, the creation of insensitive high explosives (IHE), and the integration of nanotechnology into this field are evaluated as key scientific challenges.