Wave energy has emerged as a promising renewable energy source due to its high energy density and consistency compared to solar and wind. This literature review explores the technological components and design considerations of wave energy converters (WECs), focusing on primary systems, power take-off (PTO) mechanisms, and innovative concepts utilizing enclosed-hull converters based on pendulum systems and structures. Various WEC designs are analyzed with respect to their operational principles, advantages and limitations. Special attention is given to recent advances in enclosed WEC systems utilizing pendulum-based inertial converters. These devices offer a flexible means for establishing resonant response of a PTO enclosed within the WEC buoy or hull, and as such, pendulum-based WECs have attracted significant interest within academia and relevant industry stakeholders. Through comprehensive comparison and evaluation, this review identifies key trends and challenges in the development, optimization and commercialization of pendulum-based wave energy technology.
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Trandafir et al. (2026) studied this question.
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