Livelihood benefits, ecosystem services, and food security trade-offs of khat cultivation in eastern Ethiopia

Khat ( Catha edulis ) cultivation and consumption are deeply embedded in the socio-economic and cultural systems of Habro District, Ethiopia, shaping livelihood strategies and land-use decisions. This study examined the socio-economic significance, cultural drivers, environmental perceptions, and health-related attitudes associated with khat using a mixed-methods approach involving household surveys of 111 respondents, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations. Khat chewing as a habit was highly prevalent (96.9%), with age significantly associated with chewing behavior (χ 2 = 9.683, p = 0.046), whereas sex showed no significant association (χ 2 = 0.020, p = 0.886). More than half of respondents recognized potential cardiovascular risks, although education level was not significantly associated with health-risk perception (χ 2 = 11.048, p = 0.354). Most farmers (81.1%) perceived khat as beneficial for soil and water conservation, and this perception significantly varied with cultivation intensity (χ 2 = 7.907, p = 0.019). Economically, khat was identified as the dominant livelihood activity, with 92.8% of respondents reporting it as a reliable source of income. Qualitative findings revealed extensive indigenous knowledge systems, including moisture-conserving practices such as basin construction around khat plants, alongside concerns regarding declining food-crop areas, market dependency, and excessive youth consumption. Overall, the findings highlight the dual role of khat as a livelihood asset and perceived sustainable land-management strategy while emphasizing trade-offs related to food security, agricultural diversification, and long-term sustainability. The study underscores the need for integrated land-use policies that balance rural income generation with ecosystem resilience and sustainable agricultural development.