Mechanism of Steady State Shell Regions for Electrons Outside Atomic Nucleus

The traditional atomic shell theory presets the upper limit of electron capacity for each shell on the basis of quantum numbers and Pauli exclusion principle, and then fits the chemical properties of elements and spectral observation data. This paper proposes that all protons in atomic nucleus form a unified overall positive electric field to attract all electrons outside the nucleus. Coulomb repulsion exists among electrons outside the nucleus. The Coulomb repulsion between adjacent electrons serves as the leading constraint, and the Coulomb repulsion keeps a minimum spacing between adjacent electrons. Electrons prefer to occupy steady state regions with the lowest energy level in the system. Only one electron can be contained within each steady state interval, and a second electron cannot be contained in the same steady state interval. After a low level interval is occupied by an electron, subsequent electrons can only be arranged to outer intervals with higher energy levels. Due to the effect of Coulomb repulsion, electrons cannot stay in the same steady state interval. The number of protons in the atomic nucleus varies among different atoms, and the orbital radius of the steady state shell region marked as the first layer for different atoms is inherently different. The spectral feature corresponding to a shell region is determined by the actual result of force balance of the atom itself. It is impossible to stipulate in advance that the first layer of all atoms corresponds to the same fixed spectrum. The radial position of steady state shell regions and discrete energy levels are all results spontaneously derived from the dynamic balance between nuclear attraction and Coulomb repulsion of adjacent electrons. There is no universal and preset shell template. A spectrum does not correspond to a wavelength point with infinite fineness, but corresponds to a continuous wave band interval, and spectral lines have natural broadening. Hierarchical naming of shells and orbital schematic diagrams all belong to simplified expressions constructed artificially. Steady state intervals can be classified and marked according to observed features for simplified analysis. However, such simplified models are only approximate descriptions. Rules obtained through simplified induction cannot be directly regarded as inherent underlying laws of nature.