Integrated design and reliability enhancement technology of quantum current sensor for non-invasive measurement in power grid

Non-invasive, high-precision current measurement is essential for smart grid perception, yet conventional clamp-on current transformers suffer from reduced accuracy under low-load conditions, battery dependence, and maintenance constraints. To address these challenges, this study proposes an NV-compatible solid-state quantum current sensing framework based on spin-resonance magnetic-field transduction, designed for integrated deployment and stable operation in practical grid environments. A non-invasive clamp structure converts line current into measurable magnetic signals, while a self-powered energy management architecture enables long-term battery-free operation. To ensure reliable sensing under outdoor interference, a hardware–software collaborative stability strategy incorporating electromagnetic shielding and intelligent anomaly detection is introduced. Furthermore, adaptive low-power operation aligns sensing activity with harvested energy availability. Experimental validation demonstrates high measurement accuracy and stable performance under laboratory and field-oriented test conditions, including temperature variation and electromagnetic disturbance. The system also achieves reliable load identification and data transmission in user-side scenarios. These results demonstrate the potential of the proposed framework for high-precision, low-power, and autonomous non-invasive current measurement in smart-grid sensing applications.