Final cascade ion yields and ions formation dynamics upon the decay of single vacancies in K to O shells of atomic gadolinium

Monte Carlo method is applied to simulate the cascade decays of single vacancies in K to O electron shells of an isolated gadolinium atom. The probabilities of final ions formation, mean ion charges, and the time dependencies of ions existence probabilities are calculated. The mean charges of the ions formed during the decay of the deepest K , L 1 , L 2 and L 3 vacancies are 8.01, 9.36, 8.23 and 8.12, respectively. The times of formation of all cascade-produced ions during the decay of vacancies in the K and L shells are found to be 7.4⋅10 −13 –1.0⋅10 −12 s. By comparing calculated ion formation times with the times of electron transfer, one is able to meaningfully choose between isolated-ion and condensed-phase approximations. The results obtained are also useful for developing more sophisticated models to describe inner-vacancy-induced phenomena in which vacancy cascades, electron transfers, charge redistributions and ion motion can take place concurrently.