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The East African Community was formally established on 30 Nov. 1999 in Arusha, Tanzania. The treaty which was signed sets the course for the establishment in the future of a common market and political federation. Its predecessor had lasted from 1967 to 1977 but had collapsed for a number of reasons. The member countries are aiming to negotiate the framework of a customs union by 2003.
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Barry A. Turner (2002) studied this question.