Construction of Ginsenoside Nanoparticles with pH/Reduction Dual Response for Enhancement of Their Cytotoxicity Toward HepG2 Cells

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. The molecular structures of representative ginsenosides of PPD and PPT types.

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  FIGURE 2. Representative therapeutic applications of various ginsenosides.

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  FIGURE 3. Representative Natural polymers based-ginsenoside delivery system. (A) Scheme for the preparation of BSA-Rh2 NPs. Reproduced with permission from Singh et al. (2017). Copyright © Dove Medical Press Limited.; (B) Scheme for the preparation of HA@GRb1@CS NPs. Reproduced with permission from Du et al. (2024). Copyright © Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. (C) Scheme for the preparation of AG/CS/Rb1 nanocomposite films. Created with BioRender.com.

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  FIGURE 4. Synthetic polymer–based ginsenoside delivery systems. (A) Self-assembly of compound K (CK)-loaded amphiphilic block-copolymer nanoparticles. Reproduced from Zhang et al. (2018) with permission of Elsevier Ltd. (B) Preparation scheme for CK-PC/DSPE-PEG2000 mixed micelles. Reproduced from Jin et al. (2018) with permission of Dove Medical Press. (C) Schematic of Rg3-PLGA-liposome (Rg3-PLs) fabrication. Reproduced from Nguyen et al. (2024) with permission of The Korean Society of Ginseng.

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  FIGURE 5. Schematic diagram of ligand modification methods for ginsenoside delivery systems targeting different targets. Created with BioRender.com.

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  FIGURE 6. Schematic illustration of the ginsenoside loaded electrospun membrane preparation method and application on wound healing. Created with BioRender.com.

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  FIGURE 7. Schematic illustration of carboxymethyl chitosan–β-cyclodextrin nanogel (CMC-β-CD NG) preparation. Reproduced with permission from Xue et al. (2021), © MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

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  FIGURE 8. Schematic illustration of the ginsenoside loaded thermol-gel preparation method and application on various diseases. Created with BioRender.com.

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  FIGURE 9. ROS-responsive polymeric delivery platforms. (A) Self-assembly of PEG-b-PPS into micelles encapsulating hydrophobic ginsenoside Rg3. (B) Dual pH/ROS-responsive LA–Ua–Gly nanoparticles for Rh2 release under acidic and oxidative conditions. Created with BioRender.com.

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  FIGURE 10. Biomimetic polymeric carriers for ginsenoside delivery. (A) Preparation of platelet membrane/erythrocyte membrane-coated PLGA nanoparticles loaded with Rg1 and PFH (PM/RM@PLGA@PFH) for ultrasound-triggered thrombus targeting. Reproduced from Yang et al. (2023) with permission of Elsevier Ltd. (B) Fabrication of Rg3-PLGA nanoparticles camouflaged with tumor-cell microvesicles (TMVs), illustrating homotypic tumor targeting, TMV-mediated immune activation, and enhanced doxorubicin efficacy against 4T1 breast cancer. Reproduced from Zhang et al. (2024) with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry.