Antimicrobial lipids: Emerging effector molecules of innate host defense

The antimicrobial properties of host-derived derived have become increasingly recognized and is mounting antimicrobial lipids (AMLs), antimicrobial peptides, are effector molecules of innate immune system and are regulated by its pathways. This review, with primary focus the human body, provides some background on biochemistry of lipids, summarizes their biological , expands on their antimicrobial properties and -specific composition, presents modes of synergism antimicrobial peptides, and highlights the more reports on the regulation of AML production well as bacterial resistance mechanisms. Based on data a concept of innate epithelial defense is where epithelial cells, in response to microbial and proinflammatory cytokines and through of conserved innate signaling pathways, their lipid uptake and up-regulate transcription enzymes involved in antimicrobial lipid biosynthesis, induce transcription of antimicrobial peptides as as cytokines and chemokines. The subsequently antimicrobial peptides and lipids then attack eliminate the invader, assisted by or in synergism other antimicrobial delivered by other cells that have been recruited to the site of , in most of the cases. This review invites accumulation in macrophage lipid droplets in response infection as a solely proinflammatory event, and a direct antimicrobial role of lipid dropletassociated esters. Finally, for the interested, new- to- the-field investigator some starting points the characterization of AMLs are provided. Before it possible to utilize AMLs for anti-infectious therapeutic prophylactic approaches, we need to better pathogen responses to these lipids and their in the pathogenesis chronic infectious disease.