Research advances in established risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia

Objective To summarize recent advances in the risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and provide references for its prevention and treatment. Methods Relevant literature on CAP risk factors was reviewed, with emphasis on age-specific and pathogen-specific risk factors, as well as their prevention, identification, and management. Results In older adults, major risk factors for CAP included underlying diseases, medication history, and unhealthy lifestyle habits. In children, immature immune and physiological functions contributed to a higher risk of severe CAP and rapid disease progression. Pathogen distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns influenced treatment selection and prognosis. Comprehensive management involving environmental control, severity assessment, and individualized therapy may reduce CAP risk and improve clinical outcomes. Conclusions CAP prevention and treatment should focus on identifying individual risk factors, rational antibiotic use, and personalized management strategies.