Familiarity With and Use of Clinical Prediction Models in Nephrology Practice in Poland

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 14% of adults worldwide, yet its course is heterogeneous, with markedly different rates of progression to kidney failure.1, S1 Clinical prediction models address this heterogeneity by estimating individualized risk to guide nephrology referral, selection of disease-modifying therapy, timing of vascular access creation, and shared decision-making, particularly in elderly patients in whom competing mortality risk may exceed kidney failure risk.2