Electronic Waste Management in the GCC: A Review of Socioeconomic Dynamics, Market Trends, and Regulatory Pathways Towards a Circular Economy

The rapid growth in the production of electronic devices, juxtaposed with insufficient recycling systems, has resulted in the generation of an enormous amount of e‑waste. The current study examines the evolution and challenges of e-waste management in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) amid rapid economic expansion, urbanization, and technology adoption. We highlight the dramatic increase in the e‑waste generation driven by the burgeoning consumer electronics market, which could potentially exacerbate environmental and public health risks associated with improper disposal and informal recycling practices. This study reviews the role of legislative frameworks and international conventions, including the Basel, Stockholm, Montreal, Rotterdam, and Minamata Conventions, and extended producer responsibility (EPR) policies in addressing hazardous waste management and promoting sustainable recycling practices throughout the region. The study also assesses the economic feasibility of e‑waste recycling, noting that market volatility and complex recycling processes hinder profitability, while increased government support and public–private partnerships could offer strategic solutions. Leveraging their economic power and population demographics, GCC countries are well positioned to transform their e‑waste management systems into sustainable, economically viable, and environmentally responsible industries, thereby striking a balance among long‑term economic, social, and ecological objectives.