Race- and Sex-Associated Electrocardiographic Repolarization Characteristics in Young American Athletes in the Digital Age

Figures

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  Figure 1. Proportion of Inverted T Waves in Each ECG Lead by Race and Sex ECG = electrocardiogram/electrocardiographic.

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  Figure 2. “Black Athlete Repolarization Pattern” With J-Point Elevation, Convex ST-Segment, and T-Wave Inversion This example is from an 18-year-old White cross-country runner whose brother had a similar pattern. The pattern normalized when the athlete was injured and detrained. The same pattern was also observed in 2 Hispanic sisters who also were cross-country runners.

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  Figure 3. Percentage of Participants Exhibiting a Convex Anterior T-Wave Inversion Pattern Across Race/Ethnicity in Leads V1-V4, Shown Separately for Females and Males.

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  Central Illustration. Convex Anterior T-Wave Inversion Including V3 and/or V4 Was Similar Among Black and Non-Black Athletes in This Cohort of 8,758 American Athletes Race was not associated with the athlete anterior repolarization pattern or T-wave amplitude.

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  Figure 4. Boxplot With Jitter of T-Wave Amplitude (mV) Top panels: positive waves; bottom panels: negative waves.

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  Figure 5. Increased Resting Heart Rate Is Associated With Lower T-Wave Amplitude