The deduction of acceleration of earthquake motions drawn from the overturning of gravestones have played an important role in determining the intensity of the great earthquake in the past. And the rocking was hitherto studied mostly only as to the motion of column caused by ground motion. In our field investigations, we often met with cases where gravestones had fallen down from the base without overturning. The authors studied not only rocking motion but also slip, rocking-slip and jump of column due to ground motion.
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Mochizuki et al. (1976) studied this question.