Bovine Ovarian Tissue Engineering: From Biomaterial Design to Translational Outlook

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Ovarian tissue engineering may restore endocrine and reproductive function, yet hydrogels, extracellular matrix (ECM)‐derived systems, decellularized ECM (dECM) platforms, and printable bioinks remain inconsistently defined, processed, and compared. This structured narrative review examines studies published between 2005 and 2026 on three‐dimensional ovarian biomaterials, emphasizing bovine‐derived ECM and the bovine ovary as a translational large‐animal platform. We organize the literature into functionally distinct classes: native tissue benchmarks, decellularized ovarian scaffolds, ovarian ECM‐derived hydrogels, non‐ECM hydrogels, and biofabrication‐oriented systems. These classes address different components of ovarian bioengineering. Native bovine tissue and bovine dECM define anatomical, stromal, and compositional constraints; non‐ECM hydrogels clarify mechanical and transport requirements; ovarian ECM‐derived hydrogels improve biological specificity and follicle‐supportive performance; and printable hybrid systems advance construct architecture and fabrication control. However, no current platform constitutes a fully validated bovine ovarian bioink. Key gaps include combining ovary‐specific matrix bioactivity with extrusion‐compatible rheology, preserving follicle‐supportive microenvironments after processing and printing, overcoming diffusion and vascularization limits, ensuring immunological safety and batch reproducibility, and standardizing functional benchmarking. We propose bovine ovarian bioinks as intermediate translational platforms requiring hybrid dECM–polymer formulations, multiparametric quality control, and predictive in vitro, ex vivo, and large‐animal‐informed validation pipelines for future clinically oriented ovarian construct development.