Best Evidence and Indications for Surgery with Different types of Displaced Os Calcis Fractures

Who deserves surgery and is nonoperative care still reasonable in this decade?And what type of surgery?Full open approach through an extended lateral incision or limited incision surgery with a lower complication rate?Can we get the reduction of the posterior facet through small incision surgery, or must we use the larger more invasive extended lateral approach to ensure that the joint is truly reduced?And what about the Sanders 4 patient-when is primary fusion the best option for such a fracture?These questions are much closer to being fully answered now with good randomized controlled trials and careful attention to some specific problems like wound issues and foot shape-that are only present in this very special fracture.