Scalable fabrication methods of 1D fibre and 2D fabric electrodes in textile supercapacitors

The rapid advancement of electronic textiles has created an increasing demand for energy-storage technologies that can be seamlessly integrated into fibre and fabric architectures. Textile supercapacitors (TSCs) have attracted extensive attention because of their high power capability, operational safety, and intrinsic mechanical compatibility with textile substrates. However, despite remarkable progress at the laboratory scale, their practical deployment remains limited by the lack of scalable manufacturing strategies capable of simultaneously meeting electrochemical, mechanical, and industrial requirements. As the fundamental functional units of TSCs, one-dimensional (1D) fibre electrodes and two-dimensional (2D) fabric electrodes play a decisive role in enabling large-scale manufacturing. In this review, we first establish a manufacturing-oriented framework that elucidates how market requirements, electrochemical principles, and structural architectures collectively determine electrode scalability. We then systematically examine scalable fabrication strategies for 1D fibre and 2D fabric electrodes, focusing on their processing mechanisms, material compatibility, representative applications, engineering merits, and manufacturing limitations. Finally, we discuss the key barriers to industrial translation and highlight emerging opportunities in intelligent manufacturing, sustainable processing, and standardized qualification frameworks, providing a roadmap toward the practical application of wearable energy-storage technologies.