Key result
Dietary risks account for ~94 CKD DALYs per 100,000 globally, led by high sodium and low produce.
Why the study?
Excess sodium intake is a major contributor to hypertension and cardiovascular risk, but the current prevalence of excess sodium consumption in the U.S. population was not well characterized.
Observational
High sodium intake exceeds guidelines in most adults; leaves open whether dietary changes can reduce global CKD DALY rates.
Hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, occurs among 29% of U.S. adults, and lowering excess sodium intake can reduce blood pressure (1-3). The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend consuming less than 2,300 mg dietary sodium per day for persons aged ≥14 years and less for persons aged 2-13 years.* To examine the current prevalence of excess sodium intake among Americans overall, and among hypertensive adults, CDC analyzed data from 14,728 participants aged ≥2 years in the 2009-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Eighty-nine percent of adults and over 90% of children exceeded recommendations for sodium intake. Among hypertensive adults, 86% exceeded 2,300 mg dietary sodium per day. To address the high prevalence of excess sodium consumption in the U.S. population, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended reducing sodium in the food supply, as excess sodium added to foods during commercial processing and preparation represents the main source of sodium intake in U.S. diets (4).
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Jackson et al. (2016) conducted an observational in Chronic kidney disease. Dietary risks (low fruit, vegetable, whole grain intake; high sodium, red meat, processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverage intake) vs. Theoretical minimum risk exposure level was evaluated on Global age-standardized DALY rate of CKD attributable to dietary risks per 100,000 population in 2021 (95% CI 54.29-134.38). In 2021, the global age-standardized DALY rate for chronic kidney disease attributable to dietary risks was 93.52 per 100,000 population, driven primarily by low fruit and vegetable intake and high sodium intake.
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