Probable post-traumatic stress disorder following discharge from hospital with COVID-19: prospective cohort study

Background The psychological consequences of hospital admission for COVID-19, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are under-researched. Aims To describe the prevalence of, and risk factors for, psychological trauma symptoms in COVID-19 patients discharged from hospital. Method We used data from the Post-Hospitalisation COVID-19 (PHOSP-COVID) study of adults discharged from UK hospitals after COVID-19. Psychological trauma was assessed using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) 5 and 12 months after discharge. We used log binomial regression to identify risk factors for probable PTSD. Results We describe 1565 study participants discharged from hospital between February 2020 and March 2021 following an admission for COVID-19. Most were male (61.3%), White (77.4%) and from more deprived areas (62%). Of these, 15% had probable PTSD (PCL-5 ≥34) at 5 months which was associated with being 18 to 50 years old (risk ratio: 3.0 (2.1– 4.3), p < 0.001), lower income (e.g. <£19,001, risk ratio 2.1, 95% CI: 1.5 – 2.8, p < 0.001), longer admission and a history of depression or anxiety. Out of 236, 136 (57.6%) with probable PTSD at 5 months still had probable PTSD at 12 months. Persistence was associated with intensive care unit (ICU) admission (risk ratio 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.6, p < 0.001) and higher anxiety and PCL-5 scores at 5 months. Conclusions Probable PTSD was common 5 months after admission for COVID-19 and was associated with lower socioeconomic status, longer admission and previous depression or anxiety. Over half remained symptomatic at 12 months, associated with ICU admission and higher 5-month PCL-5 scores.