Phytochemical characterization, enzyme inhibition and skin-related bioactivities of Pulicaria odora (L.) Rchb. inflorescence aqueous extract

Introduction Pulicaria odora (L.) Rchb. (Asteraceae) is a Mediterranean plant traditionally used for skin disorders. However, the phytochemical composition and bioactive potential of its aqueous extract remain poorly characterized. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile, enzyme inhibitory activity, and skin-related biological activities of P. odora inflorescence aqueous extract. Methods Phenolics were quantified using colorimetric methods and identified by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS). The enzyme-inhibitory potential of the extract was evaluated against xanthine oxidase, tyrosinase, collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase. Antioxidant capacity was assessed in vitro against multiple reactive oxygen species and ferrous iron. Cytocompatibility was evaluated in human keratinocytes, NIH/3T3 fibroblasts, and RAW 264.7 macrophages using the resazurin assay. Wound-healing potential was assessed through the scratch assay, while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring nitric oxide production in macrophages stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in cell-free systems. Antifungal activity was evaluated against Candida species and dermatophytes. Results The extract exhibited a high phenolic content (176 mg/g dry extract), mainly composed of hydroxycinnamic acids, including approximately 14 mg/g of chlorogenic acid. The extract demonstrated notable inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase and collagenase, along with strong antioxidant capacity, favorable cytocompatibility, and significant inhibition of nitric oxide production. Conclusions These findings identify the aqueous extract of P. odora as a promising source of caffeoyl derivatives with promising biological properties, supporting its potential in enzyme-targeted therapeutic strategies and dermatological applications. Further studies are warranted to fully characterize its bioactive constituents and elucidate their underlying mechanisms of action.