Tomato-Oleoresin Anti-Inflammatory Effect Recovers Obesity-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction by Modulating Myocardial Calcium Handling

Figures

• 

  FIGURE 1. Lycopene supplementation attenuates the expression of inflammatory mediators in the hearts of obese rats. A) Protein expression of TLR‐4 normalized to β‐actin. (B) Protein expression of NF‐κB normalized to β‐actin. (C) Protein expression of phosphorylated NF‐κB (pNF‐κB) normalized to β‐actin. (D) Ratio between total NF‐κB and pNF‐κB. Representative blots for TLR‐4, NF‐κB, pNF‐κB, and β‐actin are shown below the graphs. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 8 animals per group). Two‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test was used to compare differences between groups (p < 0.05). Results followed by * indicate a significant difference compared with the control group, and results followed by # indicate a significant difference compared with the HSF group. TLR‐4: toll‐like receptor‐4; NF‐κB: nuclear factor kappa B; pNF‐κB: phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B.

• 

  FIGURE 2. Lycopene supplementation attenuates inflammation in the heart of obese rats through modulation of Inflammatory cardiac mediator levels. TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐α (2.A); IL‐6, interleukin‐6 (2.B); MCP‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (2.C). Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n, 8 animals / group Two‐way ANOVA with post‐hoc Tukey were used to compare difference between groups (p <0.05), results followed by * indicate a significant difference when compared to the control group, and results followed by # indicate a significant difference when compared to the HSF group. TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐α; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; MCP‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein.

• 

  FIGURE 3. Lycopene supplementation attenuates cardiac MMP‐2 expression, increases TIMP‐2 and Col I in obese rats, contributing to attenuation of cardiac remodeling in obese rats. Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n, 8 animals / group). Two‐way ANOVA with post‐hoc Tukey were used to compare difference between groups (p <0.05), Results followed by * indicate a significant difference when compared to the control group, and results followed by # indicate a significant difference when compared to the HSF group. MMP‐2, metalloproteinase‐2; TIMP‐2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases–2, Col I, collagen type I.

• 

  FIGURE 4. Lycopene supplementation attenuates Active metalloproteinase 2 (active MMP ‐ 2) activity in the heart of obese rats contributing to the attenuation of cardiac remodeling. Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n, 8 animals / group). Two‐way ANOVA with post‐hoc Tukey were used to compare difference between groups (p <0.05), Results followed by * indicate a significant difference when compared to the control group, and results followed by # indicate a significant difference when compared to the HSF group. Active MMP‐2, metalloproteinase‐2.

• 

  FIGURE 5. Lycopene supplementation restructures the cardiac tissue in HSF fed rats observed in H&E staining. A, control group (C); B control+lyconepe (C+ly); C,High sugar fat diet (HSF); D,High sugar fat+lycopene (HSF+ly).Control group compared to healthy supplemented one (C + Ly) demonstrated similar morphology. Miocardial fibrosis in cardiac tissue of HSF fed rats compared to reorganized tissue of HSF + Ly. Scale bar: 200 and 100 mm.