Key result
Heavy smoking linked to ~18% lower 1-minute heart rate recovery vs non-smokers.
Why the study?
Cigarette smoking increases cardiovascular risk and the heart rate recovery index (HRRI) is an independent prognostic factor for cardiovascular diseases; the study aimed to evaluate HRRI in heavy smokers.
Cross-Sectional (n=179)
Mean Difference: 6.152 (95% CI 3.128–9.175)
Absolute Event Rate: 26.78% vs 32.82%
p-value: p=<0.001
Supports hypothesis of smoking-related autonomic impairment; leaves open prognostic value and cessation effects pending prospective data.
Evaluation of heart rate recovery index in heavy smokers Methods Characteristics of the patient groupThis prospective cross-sectional study comprised heavy smokers and non-smoker healthy subjects.Heavy cigarette smoking was defined as the consumption of more than one packet of cigarette per day.The subjects admitted to our cardiology clinic were evaluated for the study.Detailed anamnesis was obtained from the patients; physical examination was performed, and demographic information such as age, gender, height, and body weight were recorded.The smoking status of the patients, Objective: Cigarette smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular events.The heart rate recovery index (HRRI) is an indicator of autonomous nervous system function and is an independent prognostic risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.In this study, we aimed to evaluate HRRI in heavy smokers.Methods: A total of 179 apparently healthy subjects (67 non-smokers as the control group and 112 heavy smokers) were enrolled into this prospective cross-sectional study.The presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and known cardiac or non-cardiac diseases was specified as the exclusion criteria.Heavy cigarette smoking was defined as the consumption of more than one packet of cigarette per day.All subjects underwent the maximal Bruce treadmill test.HRRIs of the heavy cigarette smoker group at 1, 2, 3, and 5 min after maximal exercise were calculated and compared to those of the control group.Student t-test, chi-square test, and analysis of covariance were used for statistical analysis.Results: The baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar, except for body mass index and high-density lipoprotein level.HRRIs at 1, 2, 3, and 5 min after maximal exercise were found to be significantly lower in the heavy smoker group (HRRI1: 26.78±8.81 vs. 32.82±10.34,p<0.001;HRRI2: 44.37±12.11vs. 51.72±12.87,p<0.001;HRRI3: 52.73±11.54 vs. 57.22±13.51,p=0.018; and HRRI5: 58.31±10.90 vs. 62.33±13.02,p=0.029). Conclusions:In the present study, we found that HRRI was impaired in heavy smokers.Our results suggest that beside previously known untoward effects on vascular biology, heavy smoking also has deleterious effects on the neuro-cardiovascular system.(
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Erat et al. (2015) conducted a cross-sectional in Healthy (assessing effects of heavy smoking) (n=179). Heavy cigarette smoking vs. Non-smokers was evaluated on 1st-minute heart rate recovery index (HRRI1) (MD 6.152, 95% CI 3.128-9.175, p=<0.001). Heavy cigarette smoking was associated with a significantly impaired 1st-minute heart rate recovery index compared to non-smokers (26.78 vs 32.82, p<0.001), indicating deleterious effects on the neuro-cardiovascular system.
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