Results from tests on eight full-scale RC columns with ties with large spacing (s>d/2) and 90° hooks are presented. The test results showed that increasing the number of displacement cycles and applying displacements along more than one axis decreased the maximum drift ratio reached before the columns experienced failure in axial compression. Test columns had little drift capacity beyond shear failure. The mean difference between the maximum drift ratio at axial failure and the drift ratio at shear failure was less than 1%.
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Henkhaus et al. (2013) studied this question.
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