Biocontrol potential of endophytic fungi and seaweed (Padina pavonica) against root rotting fungi in sunflower

Efficacy of seaweed (Padina pavonica) and endophytic fungi, including Penicillium citrinum, Fusarium anthphilum, Penicillium italicum, Trichoderma viridae (19), Trichoderma viridae (24), and Fusarium proliferatum are being used for systemic acquired resistance in plants. In recent years, greater attention of researchers has been driven as these substances are rich in secondary metabolites and helpful for crop productivity. Combining the application of seaweed Padina pavonica with endophytic fungi revealed a significant biocontrol potential of root rot in sunflowers and induced resistance to defend against environmental stresses. Resistance biomarkers, i.e., the highest polyphenol content, were found in Fusarium anthophilous treatment, and the highest antioxidant activity was determined due to the drenching of Penicillium italicum. Application of Trichoderma viridae (19) resulted in maximum production of salicylic acid. Trichoderma viridae (24) showed significant reduction (6.25% and 12.5%) in infection of Fusarium oxysporum and Macrophomina phaseolina, respectively. No infection (0%) of Rhizoctonia solani was observed in Penicillium italicum, Trichoderma viridian (24), Trichoderma viridian (19), and Fusarium proliferatum-treated plants. Penicillium italicum and Fusarium proliferatum showed a significant reduction (6.25%) against Fusarium solani. Combined application of Padina pavonica and endophytic fungi has potential against root-rotting fungi and improves their growth through the induction of systemic resistance in Sunflower.