Concurrent product–process–supply chain design for dynamic electric vehicle business model innovation: Integrating market pull, technology push, and online data-driven open innovation

Electric vehicle (EV) innovation requires business models that align changing market expectations, technological development, and interdependent supporting technologies. Prior studies often examine consumer perception, social media discourse, patent trajectories, and business models separately, limiting the translation of external knowledge into integrated product-process-supply chain decisions. This study proposes a dynamic data-driven open innovation framework that integrates Twitter-based market-pull intelligence, patent-based technology-push intelligence, and patent-based technological-interdependence intelligence. Twitter data were analyzed across five non-overlapping periods to identify market-pull attributes, while patent titles and abstracts were analyzed using topic modeling and association rule mining (ARM) to identify technology-push domains and technological complementarities. A Market-Technology-Ecosystem Alignment Index (MTEAI) combines normalized market-pull intensity, technology-push intensity, and an ecosystem-relatedness proxy derived from patent-based technological interdependence. Battery systems and energy storage recur as an aligned domain in all periods, while charging infrastructure, low-carbon energy integration, and general EV system innovation are aligned in selected periods. Affordability, public transport, online drivers, comfort, and service experience remain market-led gaps requiring business model and organizational responses beyond technology development alone. The results are translated into concurrent product-process-supply chain strategies and an EV Business Model Canvas. The framework contributes a transparent mechanism for connecting customer needs, technological capabilities, technological interdependencies, and value-creation logic while explicitly recognizing source latency, geographic-scope differences, and the limits of patent co-occurrence as an ecosystem proxy.