The importance of dermatological detection of xanthomas and xanthelasmas in pediatric patients: A literature review

Diseases such as familial combined hyperlipidemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, and sitosterolemia are characterized by unique dermatological manifestations, including eruptive xanthomas and xanthelasmas. Although these conditions are relatively rare, they hold significant implications for cardiovascular health, potentially leading to poor health outcomes such as atherosclerotic disease, acute coronary syndrome, or hypertensive encephalopathy if untreated. These lipid-related disorders are particularly notable in pediatric populations, where early detection and preventative treatment may be of great benefit. Identifying early signs and symptoms through comprehensive dermatological examination can prompt early diagnosis and treatment that may mitigate progression of severe cardiovascular disease and other systemic conditions later in life. In this review we aim to highlight the early dermatological indicators of these disorders and provide dermatologists with a reliable reference for early diagnosis and intervention, thus emphasizing the importance of dermatological assessment in preventing serious health outcomes associated with pediatric lipid disorders.