Impact of breast cancer on body image: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females globally. While treatment is life-saving and essential, it can significantly affect physical health, psychological well-being, quality of life, and body image. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review and synthesize the evidence on the impact of breast cancer and its treatment on body image in females. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES AND METHODS: Four major databases were searched for relevant peer-reviewed studies published until 2025. A total of 41 studies were included in the systematic review, of which 24 were eligible for the meta-analysis. Standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a restricted maximum likelihood model, with analyses conducted in JAMOVI and heterogeneity assessed via Q and I² statistics. RESULTS: Females with breast cancer reported significantly lower body image scores than healthy controls (ES = -1.02). Furthermore, body image scores declined from pre-treatment to during treatment (ES = -0.45). Mastectomy was associated with poorer body image compared to breast-conserving therapy (ES = -1.11). CONCLUSION: Although medically essential, breast cancer treatment can adversely affect body image. Integrating body image support into treatment plans is crucial for promoting the overall health and quality of life of females diagnosed with breast cancer. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO No. CRD42024503033.